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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 8 






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I UXITED STATES OF AMERICA. | 



THE 



ELEMENTS 



OF 



GREEK SYNTAX, 

COMPILED 
FOR THE USE OF HIS PUPILS, 

BY THE 

V 

REV. WILLIAM ALEXANDER OSBORNE, M.A. 

OF TRINITY COLLKGE, CAMBRIDGE, 
AMD HEAD MASTER OF THE MACCLE5FULD FREE GRAMMAR SCHOOL. 



DIVIDE ET IMPERA.' 




MACCLESFIELD: 
PRINTED BY J. SWINNERTON, MARKET PLACE. 






^^ 



PREFACE. 



Had the old Eton Grammar been in use in the Macclesfield 
Free Grammar School when I was appointed to its mas- 
tership, in 1837, I should probably have been contented to 
continue it, with some few additions to its rules. But the 
respect for old associations, by which I should have then been 
influenced, can scarcely be demanded for a work so compa- 
ratively new as Dr. Valpy's ; and it has appeared to me, 
after two years' experience, that the paucity of rules in the 
text, and the difFuseness of the notes, are alike puzzling to 
the young student, while the absence of any continuous ar- 
rangement renders the book less valuable to the more ad- 
vanced scholar. This opinion has, on several occasions, been 
strengthened by those of Examiners, (men of the highest 
standing in both Universities,) who have stated their convic- 
tion of the difficulty, not to say impossibility, of inculcating 
a sound knowledge of Greek construction upon this basis. 

I have sought for a Grammar which might supply this 
deficiency, but with little success ; for the better works on 
this subject, while professedly written for schools and col- 
leges, are generally too diffuse for the one, and too meagre 
for the other. I have, therefore, compiled this short Treatise 
for the use of my own scholars, and, in so doing, I have de- 
rived most valuable assistance from Edwards' Abridgment 



IV 

of Matthioe's Greek Grammar, a work which I should have 
adopted in my School, had I not considered it as much too 
copious for young minds and memories, as Valpy's is too 
scanty and deficient. 

Contrary to ordinary custom, I have given but few 
examples, that the memory of the pupil may not be over- 
burdened, and that the work (if it hereafter should grow into 
a Grammar) may be small in size, and cheap in price, two 
great desiderata for elementary school-books. 

Macclesfield, November, 1839. 



SYNTAX, 



I—THE ARTICLE. 

1. The Article agrees with the Noun in Gender, Num- 
ber, and Case, and is used when a particular object is spoken 
of, as 6 iWoj, the horse ; but is omitted when the object is 
indefinite, as IWo? or tWoj Tig, a horse, 

2. The Article with the Infinitive is used for a Substan- 
tive in every case, as 

To (^poveivf understanding, row (ppoviiv, &c. 

3. The Article with the Participle may be construed as 
the Relative with the Verb, as 

01 TTOiovvTsg ravTu, those who do this, 

4. The Article with jxsv and . Se is used as a Pronoun, as 
'O jt^si/, the one, 6 hs, the other. (1) 

5. The Article is often joined with an Adverb or part of 
a sentence, persons or things being understood, as 

Oi TreXag, Neighbours; 

01 TTsp] ApyiloLiLov, The companions of Archidamus, (2) 
With a Genitive it signifies property and relation, as 
To. nXoLToivos, The works of Plato. 

(l)^The Article is used in Homer for the Demonstrative Pronoun, as b yhp 
^\0e, For' this man came; and so also the Relative, in Plato and later writers, as 
^ 8' 05, Said he. 

(2) This expression sometimes includes the person himself, as ol irepl Qpaffi' 
$ov\ov, Thrasybulus with his companions. 



6 

II.— THE ADJECTIVE. 

1. The Adjective agrees with its Substantive, in Gender, 
Number, and Case, as 

XpYjo-Tog uvY}p ea-Ti xoivov ayot^ov, A good man is a public benefit. {V) 

2. The Adjective sometimes agrees in Gender w^ith a 
word implied, as ^i\s rexvov, dear childf tfou being implied. 

3. The Adjective is often put in the Neuter Gender, 
when in English the word " thing" would be supplied, as 

Ho<pov V) TTpofji.YiSlri, Prudence is a sage tiling, 

4. Adjectives often change the Substantive into a Genitive 
Plural, as 

01 (pocuXoi Tcov oivQpMTTCJOv. Dcsplcable men. 

5. Substantives are sometimes (but rarely) used as Ad- 
jectives, as 

TrjV 'EKKuloL ^mvyjv. The Greek Language. 

6. The kind or quality is sometimes used for the thing or 
person, as 

To xujcov for Kuxix, vice ; /3<^ 'HpoixXsiYj for 'HpaycKYig. 

7. Compound Adjectives and Derivatives ending in o^, 
with many others in Attic writers, are of two terminations 
only, as 

'E^avrj poSoSaxTuXoj *Ha)g. The rosy-fingered morn appeared. 

8. Comparatives used by themselves qualify the sense, as 
^pvQpoTspog, " a little red." Superlatives with ouc carry the 
comparison as far as possible, as 

'fig ra^ia-Toc, as quick as possible. 

9. Neuter Adjectives are used as Adverbs, as 6^v, quickly, 
Toi xaXXKTTct, excellently ; and Masculines and Feminines el- 
liptically, as Ev&vg, immediately ; iS/a, privately. 

(Ij But a Plural Adjective is sometimes joined with a Dual Substantive; 
and Substantives in the Feminine Dual are joined with a Masculine Adjective 
or Participle, as TSvro) rcb ^/xepo, These two days. — fXen.J In the 
Tragic writers, when a woman speaks of herself in the Plural Number* 
she uses the Masculine Gender ; and so also a chorus of women, speaking by 
its leader, in the Singular, as \diroimL KeiOuv, — Hipp. 1119, - 



III.— THE RELATIVE. 

1. The Relative agrees with its Antecedent, in Gender, 
Number, and Person, as 

Xocpiv oI5a Trig Ttjotijj f, [xs Tifj^urs. I thank you for the honour 
with which you honour me, 

2. The Relative in Attic writers is attracted by, that is, 
is used in the same case as the antecedent, as 

XpMfjiui ^i^Kioig ol$ gp^o). / use the books which I have. 
Or the Antecedent is transferred to the same part of the 
sentence, as 
OOtos e(TTiv ov Keyeis uvSpconov, This is the man whom you mean. 

3. Sometimes the Demonstrative Pronoun is used for the 
Relative and el]u<), as 

T) ^ TovTo Xsysis ; What is this which you say ? 

4. Sometimes the Antecedent is understood, as 

El<r)v 01 Aeyouc*. Some say. (1) 



IV.— APPOSITION. 

Apposition is employed in three constructions : 

1. With two Substantives referring to the same thing in 
the same case, as 

Fefvpus, Sia/Sacnj/ tm a-TpuTcp. Bridges, a means of crossing 
for the army. 

2. With a Possessive Pronoun in the Genitive, as 
'EjtAoj TOO Tukaivwpov ^ios. The life of me unhappy. 

3. With a sentence in the Accusative, as 

'E\€yriv KTuvcopi^sv, MsvsXsop AuttJjv Trmpoiv. Let us kill Helen, 
(which killing would be) a hitter pang to Menelaus. 



(1) Hence we find kurXv ore. soisetiaaes, and thence even the anomalies iarh J/^a^n^ 
o'i and i<Tr\v oirives. 



8 



v.— CONSTRUCTION OF VERBS. 

1. The Active Voice is either Transitive, vt^hen the ac- 
tion passes on to the object, as 

TuTTTco ere, I beat you ; 
Or Neuter when a simple action or affection is signified, as 
Tpe^oo, I run ; ^oiipu), I rejoice. 

2. The Middle Voice is used vv^hen the action returns 
upon the agent, as 

Aouw, I wash ; Aouojooai, / wash myself; 
Alpao, I take up for another ; uipo[ji.uif for myself; 
Or w^here the subject causes the action, as 
JJoLvhicc lwoi)j(raTo ovXa, Patithea caused arms to he made, (1) 

3. Transitive Verbs only can correctly take a Passive 
form. 

VI.— CONSTRUCTION OF CASES. 

THE ]S^OMINATIVE. 

1. A Verb agrees with its Nominative Case in Number 
and Person, as 

Xoo)cpoiTvi$ sl-jre, Socrates said. 

2. Neuter Plurals take generally a Verb Singular, as 
rfupoi l6^ot,v Bdys T« TTpYiyiJ^oLTu. Circumstanccs happened 

unexpectedly ; 
Except when many living beings are signified, as 
Ta TgA>) u7re<rp^ovTo auTOij. The magistrates promised them. 

3. Nouns of multitude in the Singular often take a Verb 
in the Plural, as 

To ttA^Soj oTovra*. The people think, (2) 

(1) Some are Deponent and use the form of the 1st Aorist and Perfect 
Passive in a middle sense, as Kr6.oyi.ai, iKT-fiOrju, KiKrrifiai. 

(2) The Plural is also used with eKaffros and &\\os &\\o6€U. The Singular 
by the Schema Pindaricurh. is used with all Genders, as 'AxctraT ofx^al fx€\4wv. 
The notes of the melodies are sounding. 



9 

4. The Nominative Dual is often joined with a Verb 

Plural, as 

"Aixipoo gAsyov. Both said. 

5. A Verb in the Dual follows a Plural Nominative, when 
two persons or things only are referred to, as 

Xeifxxppoi TvoTctiiol (Tutx^uWiTQv uBoop. Two mountaifi torrents 
unite their waters. 

THE GENITIVE. 

l.'—\. The Genitive is used with all Nouns and Verbs to 
express possession or quality, as 

'O oTxoj Tou (Saa-iXsooc. The king^s house. (1) 

2. The Genitive will follow any Verb and also many Ad- 
jectives, signifying the relation in which they are to be 
taken, and may be translated " with respect to," as 

ilc i^yz Tuyov^. As he icas affected with respect to speedy i. e. 
as quick as he was able. 

3. The Genitive follows Verbs signifying, to abstain, to 
ask, to attain, to begin, to buy, to be careful or careless, to 
cease, to consider, to deliver, to deprive or depart from, to 
desire, to despise, to endeavour, to escape, to be empty or 
full, to forget, to neglect, to perceive, to remember, to re- 
strain, to reverence, to separate, to spare, to understand, as 

'Atts^siv Tivog, To abstain from any thing. 
So also the Genitive follows Adjectives and Substantives 
corresponding to, or derived from these Verbs, as in the 
senses of plenty, want, care, negligence, &c., as 
"/ij5p<j xaxcuv. Ignorant of evil. 
'OXiyoopix Tou Quvoctou. Contempt of death. 

11. — 1. The Genitive is used after Comparatives when 
'' than" is expressed in English, as 

Msil^cov e/xoy. Taller than me. 
And hence with words signifying, comparison, command, 
obedience or resistance, government, superiority, as 
'KyKpocTYji opyric. Controlling his temper. 

(1) And hence by Ellipse, as NrjAeus 6 KdSpov, Neleus the son of Codrus. 

C 



10 

2. Hence the Genitive is used with words implying cost 
or value, as 

"A^iog TiixYig. Worthy of honour, 

III — 1. The Genitive often signifies the cause, and is 
used independently, (as if evexa was to be supplied), as 

Aa.vci.thv Ks^oXctiixsvoi. Angry on account of the Greeks. 
This is particularly the case with the Article and Infinitive. (1) 

2. The Genitive of the cause is also used after Verbs of 
accusing or condemning and the like, as 

Jiwxsiv riva <^6vou. To prosecute a man for murder. 

3. So Verbs of intreating take a Genitive of the motive 
urged, as 

Aiara-Qixou as Zrivog. I intreat you by Jupiter. 

4. The Genitive of the cause follows a Substantive also, as 

" Hp^g aKuTnai. Wanderings caused by Juno. (2) 

IV — 1. The Genitive is used partitively after all kinds 
of words, as 

E\g TO(rouTo uMplocc. To such a pitch of folly. 
" ijidix; TYiCj yYjg. He ravaged part of the land. 

2. Hence the Genitive is used to express any portion of 
time, placC) or measure, as 

NuKToc Ku) rjfjispac. Night and day. 
AoLioLg l\ %6»^o^. On the left hand. 
Or is used with Adverbs of time, place, and quantity, as 
nXYiO-'iov 7VJV ciXXcjov. Near the others. 

3. The Genitive follows Verbs implying participation, 
communication, and enjoyment, as 

'AiroKcivsiv tojv ayot^Mv. To enjoy the benefits. 

4. Hence the Genitive follows Verbs denoting to gain or 

to receive, as 

"Et6')(^= tvjv oc^loov. He met with his deserts. 
_ 
(1.) Hence the Genitive is used with Interjections, as'Tl tt/s rvxris, Alas for 
the misfortune : or in Exclamations with the Interjection suppressed, as T^5 
avaiBiias. Oh the impudence ! 

(2 ) Hence the Genitive follows Verbs signifying to smell or to breathe, as 
"Oj"*! fivpwv. He s?neUs of perfurnes. 



11 

5. The Genitive follows Verbs in the middle voice, sig- 
nifying, to take or lay hold on, to let go, to miss, as 
"EXa^sTo TYji aiovog. He clung to the pillar. (1) 

V — The Genitive is used with Verbs signifying the af- 
fections or senses, as 

'^lo-^avojota* ^o'pou. I hear a noise. 
But words denoting sight and sometimes hearing will take 
an Accusative, as 

OpoL (paoj YjsXioio. He sees the light of the Sun. 

VI — The material of which anything is made is put in 
the Genitive, as 

XctXaau TroieovTon to. (xytx\u,oiTu ^ kl^ov. They make their 
images of brass or stone. 

VII. — The Genitive is used absolutely with a Participle, 
as 

'Eu,ou 8iS«(rxcvToc. While I am teaching. 

And sometimes the Dative and Accusative ; and the Nomi- 
native also when the Verb is impersonal, as e^ov, Ttapov, 8eov, 

VIII — The Genitive is used after Verbs Passive with 
or without a Preposition, as 

'O vovg VTTO Qivou ^KxpQslpsjcu. The intellect is impaired hy wine. 
Tuiv <pl\cjov vixcujxevoj. Conquered by his friends. 

THE DATIVE. 

I 1. The Dative usually denotes the object to or for 

which any thing is done, as 

TovTo croi l8cop>j<ra. I have given this to you. (2) 

( 1 ) But if the whole and the part are both expressed, the whole is put in 
the Accusative and the part in the Genitive, as 'EA.ai8oi/To Trjs ^wvris Tht/'OpSvTTjv. 
They seized Orontes by the gird'e. 

(2) From this sense of reference to an object is derived the use of etfA, 
virdpxu, ylyvojxai with a Dative, in the sense of the Latin liabeo^ as, Mereffrl fioi 
TovTov. I have a share in thui. 



12 

2. The Dative is used after Verbs signifying to assist, to 
benefit or injure, to command, to meet, to obey or resist, to 
please or displease, to trust, to use, to yield, as 

AuToip 6 xYjpuxsaa-i xs\£U(re. But he told the heralds. (1) 

3. Verbs signifying to blame or reproach govern the Ac- 
cusative of the subject, and the Dative of the object or per- 
son, as 

'E^riTiaav rm ti. To blame any one for any thing, 

4. Hence all words implying convenience, ease, equality, 
fitness, friendship, likeness, pleasure and the contrary, and 
in general reference or relation, are construed with a 
Dative, as 

0/Ao? T^ TToAsi. Well-disposed to the city . (2) 

II. — 1. The Dative is also used for the Latin Ablative, 
signifying the cause, instrument, or manner ofaction, as 
XotXencag (pspco Tolg TrapoOcrj -npuy^oio-u I am vexed at the present 
circumstances. 
2. Excess and deficiency of measure, and the time and 
place at which any thing is done, are put in the Dative, as 
KeipuXYJ l^sl^M^/. A head taller. 

III. — The Dative also follows words signifying to follow 
(coincide with), to contend with, or converse with, as 
"Etioixoh Tolg TtoLXuioig. I coincide with the ancients, 

IV — 1. Impersonal Verbs take a Dative of the object, 
with either a Genitive of the subject or an Infinitive, as 

Ail (Toi (^iXuiv. You want friends. 

Aoxsi [xoi Ipuv ruuTu. It seems right to me to do these things, 
2. But some Impersonals take an Accusative of the per- 
son with an Infinitive, as 8eT, it behoves, lvSs;i^erai, s^e(TTi, 
TTpsTTsi, 7rpo(r^xn and XP^^ ^^ 

XpYi (Ts TToislv. You ought to act. 

(1) Verbs signifying to assist, to benefit or injure, govern also an Accusa- 
tive, as Mi] vvv fipoTois nlv ci^eAet. Do not then aid mortals. 

(2) But Adjectives of likeness often govern a Genitive, as 'A.Se\<f>h rwu 
tlp-riixivcov. Akin to what has been said. 



18 



V — Datives also follow Passive Verbs, as 
iZsTTo/rjTat fioi. I have done it. 



THE ACCUSATIVE. 

I — 1. The Accusative follows Verbs Transitive, and de- 
notes the object of an action, as 

*Ayci7rSv tivol. To love any one. 

2. The Accusative of the object follows Verbs signifying 
any feeling or emotion of the mind, as 

Tep<pQs)s TorJTo. Delighted with this. 

3. Verbs signifying to admonish, to adjure, to ask, to 
call, to choose, to do or speak well or ill, to hide, to make, 
to put on or off, to take away, to teach, govern two Accusa- 
tives, as 

"ATTavTa (Ts 8jSafojtx,ai. I will teach you every thing. 

4. Those Verbs which take a double Accusative in the 
Active take an Accusative also in the Passive, as 

'E7ri=j|ut,evor aXjc^v. Clothed with valour. 

5. So also Adjectives derived from Active Verbs take an 
Accusative, as 

^s (^v^ifxog ovh)s. No one can escape you. 

II. — Many Verbs, even though Intransitive, admit an 
Accusative of a cognate sense, as 

Xotlpco %apav. / rejoice with a joy. 

III 1. The Accusative follows Verbs signifying motion 

to a place, as 

^HxQs TIoXvvstKYj^ x^dva. Polynices came to the land. 

2. The Accusative is also used in definitions of space and 
duration of time, as 

IZoTajxoj TO sitpos TSTTupcav TrXsQpoov. A river ^00 feet in breadth, 
^Eixax^^vTo Uxx evictvTouc. They fought ten years. 



14 

IV — The Accusative is used absolutely either with the 
Participle when the opinion of any one is signified, as 
Ou;^ u/3ps« Xeyoo rul,' aXX' exsTvov cJf Tra^ovra vcuv. But because (I 

think) he is present with us. 
Or 2nd, in Apposition with a sentence, (page 8), or 3rd, at 
the beginning of a sentence, where xara might be supplied. (1) 

INTERJECTIONS 

are joined with every Case of the Substantive, especially 
the Genitive of the cause and the Dative of the object, as 
Ot fji.01 TMv xocxaov. Woe is me for' my misfortunes, 

ADVERBS 

are often used as Prepositions, and govern the Genitive, 
Dative, or Accusative, according to the relation which they 
denote, as 

XoLpiv yuvajxoj. For the sake of a woman, 

" Afj^u Toic kroiipoig. Together with his companions, 

NdH TY}v"Hpotv, Yes, by Juno, 

GENERAL RULES FOR CONSTRUCTION. 

I The Nominative follows as well as precedes Sub- 
stantive Verbs, as ylyvoixai, hfA), ruy^avoo, u^rapp^co, and poetic 
forms, as xupw, ttsAoj ; and Verbs denoting to appear, to be 
called, to be chosen, to be thought, as 

*0 avvjp <l>aivsTui sTrieix^s. The man seems well-behaved. 
This Rule holds good also after an Infinitive, if the same 
subject is referred to, as 

Ueia-ca slvai Seo-TroT*)^ I will prove that I am master. 



(1) Hence the Adverbial use of the Accusative, as /car' apxh'^, At the he- 
ginning; ii.pxhv, Atjirst. 



15 

II. — I . The Infinitive is sometimes used elliptically for 
the Imperative, 6s\e, wish, or •^iy.vr^a-o, remember, being un- 
derstood, as 

A\\v a(,KTTs6iiv KM uTTsipo^ov sfxfjisvai uKXoov. Be always foremost 
in valour and excel others. 

2. The Infinitive is also used absolutely where h(Tri or 
gfeoTi may be supplied, as 

'fli t-jtoc sIttsTv. So to speak, 
'lis SIM'S /As/xv^(r5ai. As far as I recollect. 
Or without coj, as 

Ou TToXXcL Koyoo sIttsIv. To speak briefly. 

3. Infinitives with or without an Article are used in the 
place of the Latin gerunds and supines, as 

Asysiv Ixavoj. Capable of speaking. 

'I^slv ovx. ula^po§. Not unpleasing to look at. 

Ill 1. Participles are used in the place of the Infini- 
tive with Verbs signifying, to desist or persevere, or an affec- 
tion of the mind, as 

*Ayu%cov jx? hdTsKii. He continues to love me. 
2. So Participles are used with Substantive Verbs and 
others, where the Verb only adds an Adverbial sense to the 
Participle, as 

Tot Xoyov (Tou Qoivf/^ua-ag s^oo. I still admire your argument. 
" EXah TouTO tiowiv. He did this privily. 
But the Participle is sometimes redundant, as 
XoDX-poufii Tvy^uvsi cro<$oj ouv. Socrates is wise, 

IV I. Verbal Adjectives in tso^ govern the same Case 

as the Verbs from which they are derived, and may be ex- 
plained by hi with the Infinitive, as 
'Eni^viJiYiTeov Icrriv slprjVYjg for dsl iTTiSujxeTv. Men ought to desire 

peace. 
Unless they are used Passively, as 

06 (T^i TTspjoTTTs*) 6(7Tiv r} 'EWoig. Greccc must not be overlooked 
by them. — (Herod.) 



16 

2. Verbal Substantives also take the Case of their 
themes, as 

Tdv (Toov ' HpoLxKsl Ivipri^oLTwv. Your gifts to J^ercules, 

CONSTRUCTION OF CONJUNCTIONS. 

I — 1. Two or more Negatives strengthen the nega- 
tion, as 

TaXXcx, ouSevj ovtoi^ri otJSa/xwj ovosf^lav Koivcovlav e^et. The other 
things have no connexion with any one, any where, in any way. (1) 

2. Myi is used and not ov v^^henever the sense is indefinite 
or the truth of one proposition depends on that of the other, as 
^0X6* QVK a^iov elvai ?^v, (h jOojSev (xerep^g* a.-jrwv. It seems that he 

deserves not to live who partakes not at all of them. — (Plato.) 

Hence also fti^, not ou, is used in prohibitions, v^^ith either the 
Present Imperative or the Aorist Subjunctive. 

3. Ou fj,v} is used for the Future, with the 1st Aor. Subj. 
Passive, or the 2nd Aor. Middle and Active. 

II. — 1. "Av with the Indicative gives the force of a Sub- 
junctiv(\ 2. With the Imperfect signifies frequency or 
custom. 3. With the Optative or Subjunctive implies a 
conditional meaning. 4. Is used also with Infinitives and 
Participles where these may easily be resolved into the simple 
Verb. 

2. Compounds of av or Particles joined with it most fre- 
quently take the Subjunctive, as lav or t^v, eoog olv, sTreav, 
gTreiSav, x«v, OTroVav, OTrco? av, "npiv civ, co^ av. 
But these also occasionally take the Optative, as also all In- 
terrogative Particles joined with av, as ttwj av, I wish that, &c. 

III. — 1. El is used with the Indicative when the relation 

(1) Two Negatives of the same kind sometimes cancel one another. 



17 

between the condition and its consequence is actual and 
positive, as 

El ha-Tiv oixoj, ovx Snro^YjfjLsl. If he is at home, he is not abroad. 

Or in actions which are either past or passing, as 

El ^(Tuv ocycuQo), oux, civ tuvtu eTruG-^ov, If they were goody 
they would not have been suffering these things. (1) 

2. El (and oxrirep oiv si) is used with the Optative when a 
thing is merely possible or probable, but totally uncertain. 
Or when time is signified or a past action frequently re- 
peated, as 

E\ hTV')(piiv TKTi, his(^svyov uvrovq. If they met with any^ 
they always avoided them. 

3. EI is used with the Subjunctive, when a question is 
asked, whether a thing should be, as 

* E^pyjcrTYipioc^ovTO, si uvsXcjot/tui rot ouvof/^ciTu. They inquired if 
they should adopt the names. 

So 61, e» yap, sTOe are used with the Optative for a wish, or 
when the wish relates to anything past with an Aorist or Im- 
perfect Indicative. 

IV. — Foip, 8e, and jxsv can never be placed first in a 
sentence. 

V. — Particles of time, Ittsj, eTreiS^, ore, ottots are joined 
with an Optative ;when a past action is spoken of; but they 
are compounded with av and take a Subjunctive ^when the 
action is present or future. 

2. "Axpis o3, 60);, jxep^pij ov take an Imperfect or Aorist 



(1) El is used with a Present or Future Indicative when a thing is spoken 
of, as positively happening, as Et 8e TeAeuT^cet rhv fiiov eS, oKfiios KeK\rja-6ai &^ios 
iffri. 2. With the Indicative of a Past Tense where the consequence is still 
present, as 

Oij Ke Oav6vTi irep 5S' aKaxoifxriy 
E( /U6Tct 015 erdpoiai ddfirf. 
I should not now grieve, if he had been slain. 



18 

Indicative^ when a past action lasted; only to a time already 
past, as 

nlvei eoog e^epfjiYiv auTov, He drinks till he has warmed himself. 
They take an Optative after a past action, but a Subjunctive 
after a present one. 

3. np)v is similarly constructed, but takes an Infinitive 
when a future action is only conceived in thought. 

VI.— I'/va, cog, ju,^, (1) and occasionally oTrcog are used with 
the Indicative of a past tense of actions which should have 
happened/ but have not, or after a wish concerning something 
supposed to be past, as 

Tl QUK Bpfi^* e/xauT^v — onoog aTn^XXayyjv. Wh2/ have I not 
thrown myself down, that I may have been freed ? 
They are used also with the Future Indicative, expressing a 
states that continues .or will happen at an indefinite time; or 
with an Aorist Subjunctive expressing a transient state at 
once concluded. 

2. "Ivu, o(ppoc, oTTMs and cog take the Optative after Verbs 
of past time, and the Subjunctive after Verbs of present and 
future. (2) 

VII — 1. "On and cog are used with the Indicative after 
Verbs signifying to know, or any affection of the mind, as 
FvooQi OTi lycti ocKfi^Yi Xsycjo. Know that I speak the truth, 

2. But they take an Optative with or without «v whien a 
fact or statement is quoted in a narrative ; and this is some- 
times interchanged with an Infinitive by an Anacoluthon. (3) 

3. "fla-Ts is generally followed by an Infinitive, but occa- 
sionally by an Indicative or Optative. 

(1) M^ always signifies " whether" with the Indicative Present, 

(2) When both are used, the Optative implies an action possible or desirable, 
the Subjunctive one depending on the will of the subject, as in Herod, ix. 51. 

(3J oi/x '6ti, fi^ '6ti, and ovx '^irots are used to express " not only" and " not 
only not," as the Latin non modo, ipca or Kfyu or some such word being under- 
stood. 



19 



PREPOSITIONS, 



I Governing One Case only. 



1. Prepositions governing the Genitive. 

Equivalent in 
Latin. 



2. 'Atto 

3. 'Ex 

4. Upo 

1. '£v 

2. Xvv 



Radical sense. Usage. 

for, 

instead of. 
from, 



equivalent to 
removal 



selection 



priority, or 
preference. 



after, (in time) 
owing to, 

by- 

out of, or from, 

in consequence of, 

by, or through. 

before, 

on account of. 



pro. 



a, ab. 



e, ex. 



coram or 
prae. 



2. Prepositions governing the Dative only. 

in with abL 



rest or 
abiding, 
accompaniment 



m, or among. 

by means of. 

with, 

by means of. 



cum. 



3. Prepositions governing the Accusative only. 



1. E\i' 



motion 



into, or to, , in with ace. 

with respect to, ' 
for, 

until, (with time) 
about, (with nume- 
rals.) 



* 'CIS is used for m with names of persons, as 'n$ ^/le, To me. 



20 



Case. 



II — Governing Two Cases. 
Radical Sense. Usage, 



Latin. 





1. 


'AvoL 




Dative 




on 


super, with 


(In the Poets only.) 






abl. 


Accusative 


continuance 


up, through, 
upon, or in, 
against. 


per. 




* 


at the rate of. 




2. Ai^. 




Genitive 


throughout or 


through, 


per. 




distance 


in, 

at a distance of. 








before. 


prae. 


Accusative 


throughout or 


through, 


per. 




duration 


on account of. 


propter. 


3. Kar^. (1) 




Genitive 


direction or 


at, or against. 


contra. 




downward mo- 


down from. 


de. 




tion 






Accusative 


relation 


according to. 


secundum or 






as respects. 


quod attinet 






agreeing with. 


ad. 






on account of. 








in, during. 








about. 




4. 'Tiilp. 




Genitive. 


substitution 


for, or instead of. 


pro; 




j or 


on account of. 






1 superiority 


above, 
over. 


super. 


Accusative 


extension 


over, or beyond. 


super or su- 






against. 


pra. 



( I) Karh. is also used distributively like the Latin Singulus, as Kaff '<ivay One hy 9ne. 



21 





III Governing Three Cases. 




Case. Badical meaning. Usage. 


Latin. 


1. 'Ay.(^\. 




Genitive 


concerning 


of, or around. 


de or circa^ 


Dative 


circuit 


about, around, 
concerning. 


circa or de, 


Accusative 


position 


about, 
towards, 
relating to. 


circum. 


2. 'Ett\. 




Genitive 


place or time. 


to, or towards, 
at, or during, (1) 
of, or from. 


ad. 




connexion 


with. 


apud, or 






in presence of. 


coram. 


Dative 


subordination 


in the power of. 


penes. 




dependence. 


on condition of, 
for the purpose of. 
on acount of. 


pro. 




combination. 


at, in addition to, 
against. 


super, 






besides. 


praeter. 


Accusative 


motion or 


to. 


in. 




position 


upon, against, 
for, or about, 
with regard to 


super. 


3. MsTot. 




Genitive 


connexion 

or 
participation 


with. 


cum. 


Dative 




among 


inter. 


(Only in the Poets. 








Accusative 




after, 
among. 


post. 



(1) Hence arises the phrase, irti EvK\4iiov Hpxovros, In the archomkip of 
Euclid. 



22 



Case. 


Radical meaning 


Usage. 


Latin. 


4 


Jlotpoi. 




Genitive 


motion 


from, 
at. 


a, ab. 


Dative 


presence 


at or near. 


cum, prope 


Accusative 


juxta-position 


beside, towards 
besides, 
alongside of. 


praeter. 




comparison 


otherwise than, 
by means of. 


prae. 


5 


. nsp). 




Genitive 


relation or 


concerning, 


de. 




value 


about, 
for, or at. 




Dative 




on, or about, 


ad, circa 






for. 


super. 


Accusative 




round about, 
with regard to. 


circum. 


6 


. npos. 




Genitive 


property 


by, or from, 


a or ex. 




or 


on account of, 






agency 


against. 




Dative 


addition 


at, or with, 
to. 


ad. 


Accusative 


direction 


to, or toward, 
on account of. 


ad. 






agreeably to. 


secundum. 


7. 


'TTch. 




Genitive 


agency 


by, or from. 


a, ab. 




inferiority 


under, 
accompanied with. 


sub. 


Dative 


the same as the 


Genitive. 




Accusative 


proximity 


under, 
at. 


sub with ace. 



J. SWINNEKTON, PRINTER, MACCLESFIELD. 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 





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